AUTHOR=Nhung Nguyen T. T. , Jegasothy Edward , Ngan Nguyen T. K. , Truong Ngo X. , Thanh Nguyen T. N. , Marks Guy B. , Morgan Geoffrey G. 

TITLE=Mortality Burden due to Exposure to Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter in Hanoi, Vietnam: Health Impact Assessment

JOURNAL=International Journal of Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 67 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.ssph-journal.org/journals/international-journal-of-public-health/articles/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604331

DOI=10.3389/ijph.2022.1604331

ISSN=1661-8564

ABSTRACT=Objective: This study reports the mortality burden due to PM2.5 exposure among adults (age >25) living in Hanoi in 2017. 
Methods: We applied a Health Impact Assessment methodology with the Global Exposure Mortality Model and a PM2.5 map with 3×3km resolution derived from multiple data sources. 
Results: The annual average PM2.5 concentration for each grid ranged from 22.1µg/m³ to 37.2µg/m³. The district average concentration values ranged from 26.9µg/m³ to 37.2µg/m³, that means none of the 30 districts having annual average values below the Vietnam Ambient National Standard of 25µg/m3. Using the Vietnam Ambient National Standard as the reference standard, we estimated that 2,696 deaths (95%CI: 2,225 to 3,158) per year are attributable to exposure to elevated PM2.5 concentrations in Hanoi. Using the Interim Target 4 value of 10µg/m3 as the reference standard, the number of excess deaths attributable to elevated PM2.5 exposure was 4,760 (95%CI: 3,958- 5,534). 
Conclusion: 
A significant proportion of deaths in Hanoi could be avoided by reducing air pollution concentrations to a level consistent with the Vietnam Ambient National Standard