AUTHOR=Riehm Kira E. , Badillo Goicoechea Elena , Wang Frances M. , Kim Esther , Aldridge Luke R. , Lupton-Smith Carly P. , Presskreischer Rachel , Chang Ting-Hsuan , LaRocca Sarah , Kreuter Frauke , Stuart Elizabeth A. 

TITLE=Association of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms: A Multi-National Study of 43 Countries

JOURNAL=International Journal of Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 67 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.ssph-journal.org/journals/international-journal-of-public-health/articles/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604430

DOI=10.3389/ijph.2022.1604430

ISSN=1661-8564

ABSTRACT=Objectives: To examine the association of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) with anxiety and depressive symptoms among adults and determine if these associations varied by gender and age.
Methods: We combined survey data from 16,177,184 adults from 43 countries who participated in the daily COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey via Facebook with time-varying NPI data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker between April 24 2020 and December 20 2020. Using logistic regression models, we examined the association of (1) overall NPI stringency and (2) seven individual NPIs (school closures, workplace closures, cancellation of public events, restrictions on the size of gatherings, stay-at-home requirements, restrictions on internal movement, and international travel controls) with anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Results: More stringent implementation of NPIs was associated with a higher odds of anxiety and depressive symptoms, albeit with very small effect sizes. Individual NPIs had heterogeneous associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms by gender and age.
Conclusions: Governments worldwide should be prepared to address the possible mental health consequences of stringent NPI implementation with both universal and targeted interventions for vulnerable groups.