AUTHOR=Michael Yvonne L. , Senerat Araliya M. , Buxbaum Channa , Ezeanyagu Ugonwa , Hughes Timothy M. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Langmuir Julia , Besser Lilah M. , Sánchez Brisa , Hirsch Jana A. TITLE=Systematic Review of Longitudinal Evidence and Methodologies for Research on Neighborhood Characteristics and Brain Health JOURNAL=Public Health Reviews VOLUME=Volume 45 - 2024 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.ssph-journal.org/journals/public-health-reviews/articles/10.3389/phrs.2024.1606677 DOI=10.3389/phrs.2024.1606677 ISSN=2107-6952 ABSTRACT=Objective Synthesize longitudinal research evaluating neighborhood environments and cognition to identify methodological approaches, findings, and gaps. Methods Included studies evaluated associations between neighborhood and cognition longitudinally among adults >45 years (or mean age of 65 years) living in developed nations. We extracted data on sample characteristics, exposures, outcomes, methods, overall findings, and assessment of disparities. Results Forty studies met our inclusion criteria. Most (65%) measured exposure only once and a majority focused on green space and/or blue space (water), neighborhood socioeconomic status, and recreation/physical activity facilities. Similarly, over half studied incident impairment, cognitive function or decline (70%), with one examining MRI (2.5%) or Alzheimer’s disease (7.5%). While most studies used repeated measures analysis to evaluate changes in the brain health outcome (51%), many studies failed to account for any type of correlation within neighborhoods (35%). Less than half evaluated effect modification by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and/or sex/gender. Evidence was mixed and dependent on exposure or outcome assessed. Conclusion Although longitudinal research evaluating neighborhood and cognitive decline has expanded, gaps remain in types of exposures, outcomes, analytic approaches, and sample diversity.