Johannes Sumer1*
Domenica Flury1
Christian R. Kahlert1Nicolas J. Mueller2Lorenz Risch3Susanne Nigg1Marco Seneghini1Pietro Vernazza1
Matthias Schlegel1
Philipp Kohler1- 1Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- 3Labormedizinische Zentrum Dr Risch, Bern, Switzerland
Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, few scientific congresses have been held on-site. We prospectively evaluated the safety concept of the congress of the Swiss Societies of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene.
Methods: The congress was held in Geneva (Switzerland) while local COVID-19 incidence (with SARS-CoV-2 wild type circulating) was 65/100,000 population (September 2020). A rigorous safety concept was implemented. Congress attendees filled out a questionnaire to assess risk perception, exposures, symptoms and diagnoses of SARS-CoV-2 before, during and after the congress. Dried blood spots were taken on-site and 4 weeks later to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversions.
Results: Of 365 congress attendees, 196 (54%) either answered the questionnaire (N = 150) or provided baseline and follow-up blood samples (N = 168). None of the participants reported a positive PCR in the 2 weeks after the congress. Five of 168 (3%) participants were seropositive at follow-up, all of which had already been positive at baseline.
Conclusion: Findings indicate that congresses with a rigorous safety concept may take place, even in areas with moderately-high COVID-19 activity. Whether this holds true in vaccinated populations and with more transmissible viral variants circulating remains unclear.
Introduction
An important and widely recommended measure to reduce the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is to ban or to limit public gatherings [1]. On November 17th, 2020, the Center for disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued recommendations for organizers regarding risk assessment and safety concepts of such gathering [2, 3]. Medical congresses are also subject to these regulations; as a consequence, many medical and non-medical congresses were cancelled or converted into purely online events with different sensations about their output [4–7]. At the same time, scientific exchange, inspiring discussions with colleagues, and networking are more important than ever, in particular for infectious disease and infection prevention specialists.
After the first COVID-19 wave in Switzerland, gatherings of less than 1,000 people—under the assumption of strict safety concepts in place - were allowed again as of June 2020. The Swiss Societies for Infectious Diseases (SSI) and for Hospital Hygiene (SSHH) therefore decided to hold their annual congress, with an expected number of 300 participants, corresponding to an event with higher risk according to the CDC document [3]. Safety concepts of large gatherings have not been systematically evaluated [8]. In Austria, the Salzburg Festival took place in August 2020 with a total of 70,000 visitors for 90 performances over 30 days 1. One positive staff-member was reported, without any secondary transmission. To our knowledge, there is no data evaluating the safety of medical congresses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, little is known about the perception of the risk and safety concept of congress attendees.
In this prospective cohort, we intended to evaluate the safety concept of the Joint Annual Meeting of the SSI and SSHH by documenting the number of COVID-19 cases among congress attendees after the event. We also aimed to assess risk factors for potential infections during the congress and to assess the risk perception of attendees.
Methods
Setting, Venue and Safety Concept
The congress took place in Geneva (Switzerland) between September 2nd and September 4th, 2020, at a time when the number of cases was rising again nationwide and after the first COVID-19 wave had been successfully contained. The Geneva region was particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and showed one of the highest COVID-19 incidences in the country (65 cases/100,000 population in Geneva vs. 29 cases/100,000 population for Switzerland) during the week of the congress. The circulating strain at that time was the SARS-CoV-2 wild type strain 5. The congress took place at Palexpo, an exposition and congress centre offering 106,000 square meters of floor space in a single block hall. The Palexpo exhibition halls are among the highest in Europe (26.5 m high below the roof); the ventilation system consists in an open loop system 2. Only meetings that complied with the conditions imposed by the council of state were allowed to take place. Safety measures included universal masking (with surgical masks) in the exposition centre (except for the dining area); physical distancing during sessions (with a vacant seat between participants); hand hygiene upon admission to the congress (supervised by safety personnel); multiple dispensers of alcoholic hand rub within the congress area; personal data registration at lunch for contact tracing purposes; only seated catering and cancelling of official social events (Table 1). The pictograms used as part of the safety concept of the exposition centre are shown in Supplementary Figure S1. All congress participants received instructions on the necessary hygiene measures during the congress via email3.
Table 1. Safety concept of the congress venue.
Recruitment and Study Procedures
All congress attendees (including participants, industry representatives and congress staff) >16 years old were informed by email before the congress about the study and were invited to participate in this prospective cohort. For study inclusion, oral informed consent was obtained from participants (approved by the local ethics committee).
Capillary dried blood spots (DBS) from a finger-prick applied on a filter paper card were collected from participants by trained personnel during the congress. Participants received an additional DBS collection kit labelled with their unique study ID and were instructed on how to obtain the follow-up blood sample. The kit contained an instruction sheet (English, German or French), alcohol swabs, auto-retractable safety single-use lancet, a filter paper card, plasters and a return label. Participants were requested to collect finger-prick DBS 4 weeks (±7 days) after the congress and to send the filter paper to the study centre by postal mail. DBS cards were kept at −80°C until analysed.
Four weeks after the congress, an anonymized online questionnaire was sent to all congress attendees. Study participants were asked to enter their study ID in order to match the questionnaires with serology results. Congress attendees not included in the serologic investigation were also invited to fill in the questionnaire. Questions included the type of profession, working canton, canton of residence, the number of contacts with COVID-19 confirmed patients, adherence with protective measures before, during and after the congress (at the congress site but also off-site during private gatherings), adherence to safety measures of other congress attendees (i.e., peer rating), perceived risk of COVID-19 at the congress and the estimated impact of congress safety measures, use of public transportation, leisure activities before and after the congress. Also, participants were asked regarding symptoms compatible with COVID-19, and results of SARS-CoV-2 PCR swabs or serologies done before and after the congress.
SARS-CoV-2 Serology From DBS
Before performing serology, filter paper cards (standard 903™ Protein Saver Cards, Eastern Business Forms, Greenville, United States) were punched and eluted. The methodology was previously developed and established in our research laboratory as part of another research project [9] All five circles were completely punched to 8 mm discs, incubated with 0.5 ml elution buffer for 180 min on a shaker at room temperature. Finally, serology from the eluent was performed by two chemiluminescence immunoassays (ECLIA, pan immunoglobulin with anti-nucleocapsid (N)- and anti-spike (S)-specificity, Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland). The latter assay simultaneously detects IgG, IgM and IgA directed against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and has been evaluated by our group before [10] Samples were deemed positive if either assay returned a result above the manufacturer’s cut-off.
Outcome and Data Analysis
The primary outcome was a composite of self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis (i.e., SARS-CoV-2 positive nasopharyngeal PCR) within 3 weeks or seroconversion within 4 weeks after the congress. The secondary outcome was self-reported occurrence of COVID-19 compatible symptoms within 2 weeks after the congress (i.e., testing criteria of the Federal Office of Public Health). Baseline characteristics were described using number and percentages for categorical, and mean and standard deviation (or median and interquartile range, as appropriate) for continuous variables. The proportion of participants with the primary or secondary outcome was calculated; positive cases including previous diagnosis of COVID-19 were described in detail. We used SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 20, Armonk, New York) for all statistical analyses.
Results
A total of 365 individuals attended the congress, thereof 271 healthcare workers (HCW). Of these 365, 196 (54%) either answered the questionnaire (n = 150, including 17 without baseline serology) or provided baseline and follow-up blood samples (n = 168) (Figure 1). For 11 participants, the questionnaire could not be linked to the blood sample because of missing or incorrect ID. Questionnaire and blood samples could be matched for 122 participants.
FIGURE 1. Venn diagram of congress attendees (n = 365), including number of participants who answered the questionnaire and who provided blood samples. Safety evaluation of a medical congress held during the COVID-19 pandemic–a prospective cohort, Switzerland, 2020.
Baseline characteristics of participants who answered the questionnaire, as well as risk exposures before, during and after the congress are summarised in Table 2. Among the 150 participants, 56% were physicians and 24% were infection control practitioners. The majority (58%) was female, 85% were between 30 and 60 years old, most of them (77%) lived in the German part of Switzerland, 23% in the French or Italian part. Regular contact with COVID-19 patients was reported by 50% of participants. Before the congress, 57 (38%) participants had a nasopharyngeal PCR for SARS-CoV-2, whereof 2 (3.5%) were positive. In the 3 weeks after the congress, eight participants reported having had a PCR for SARS-CoV-2 of which all were negative.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics and risk factors of study participants before/during and after the congress.
Among 168 follow-up serologies, five (3%) were positive (Table 3). All five were already positive at baseline, resulting in zero seroconversions. Of the five seropositive cases, one did not provide a questionnaire, and two reported either a previous positive PCR and/or positive SARS-CoV-2 serology result. One participant reported a positive PCR before the congress, but had a negative serology both at baseline and at follow-up.
Table 3. Baseline characteristics, risk factors for study participants with positive serology or self-reported PCR/Serology.
The safety concept was deemed appropriate by 92% of participants. Figure 2 shows the self-reported adherence of study participants with wearing a mask, hand hygiene, and data registration at lunch (upper row), as well as the perceived importance of the corresponding measures (lower row). Of note, 83% of respondents enjoyed the congress and preferred an on-site congress over a virtual one.
FIGURE 2. Self-reported adherence (upper row) and importance (lower row) of selected infection prevention measures of the safety concept. Safety evaluation of a medical congress held during the COVID-19 pandemic–a prospective cohort, Switzerland, 2020.
Discussion
In this prospective cohort of unvaccinated attendees of an on-site medical congress held in a geographical area with low to moderately-high COVID-19 prevalence, we could not identify any SARS-CoV-2 cases or transmission events. At that time, the SARS-CoV-2 wild type was circulating in Switzerland 5. The findings underline the appropriateness of the safety concept, which was well accepted and followed by the participants. Strengths of the study are the dual approach to identify COVID-19 among participants using an online questionnaire and serology tests and the prospective design with a 4-week follow-up.
In our study, no SARS-CoV-2 transmission event was documented even though the congress was held in an area with moderately high prevalence, according the Federal Office of Public Health in Switzerland [9]. Also, congress attendees reported a certain risk exposure during the congress including use of public transportation [11], and spending time in restaurants and bars [12]. Data on the safety of mass gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. In Germany, the “Restart” study was performed investigating the safety and hygiene concept during a concert with several hundred participants. In addition to universal masking and rigorous hand hygiene, the safety measures included a smart working ventilation concept [13], which was considered as key measure [8] 4. The authors concluded that seated indoor events have a small effect on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 if a safety concept is in place. In our study, the different elements of the safety concept were perceived as differently important, which was also reflected by differences in adherence to these measures. Hand hygiene and wearing of masks, both basic infection prevention control measures, were perceived as essential and self-reported adherence was excellent. On the other hand, registration of personal data at lunch was not perceived as important and was therefore not universally followed.
During the COVID-19 pandemic many congresses are being cancelled to avoid gatherings of hundreds or thousands of attendees in a single venue [1]. These decisions might have significant consequences as medical education is being disrupted; also economic damage to scientific societies and industry partners has to be expected. Virtual congresses on digital platforms were established to overcome these problems. Many professional societies seem to have switched smoothly from physical to virtual congress [4], others even praised the advantage of easier accessibility for everyone, lower costs, and better environmental sustainability. However, virtual congresses have their downsides. Inspiration and emotions are less likely to be conveyed by online platforms; many formal and informal interactions based on human contact between congress participants from hospitals, societies and industry are limited. In line with this hypothesis, most study participants preferred the on-site version over a purely virtual congress. This finding has to be interpreted cautiously, as the people participating at the congress might not be representative for the entire community of Swiss ID and infection control professionals because of selection bias.
Of note, thirteen study participants reported symptoms compatible with COVID-19 within 3 weeks after the congress, but only half of them underwent PCR testing. This is surprising, as the FOPH recommends testing of all people, even those with minor symptoms. It seems that this recommendation is not universally followed, not even by people working in infectious diseases and infection control. However, since serology at follow up was negative in all eleven participants, an alternative cause for the reported symptoms is plausible.
Limitations
Our study has weaknesses. First, most people besides congress staff participating in the congress were infectious disease physicians or hygiene experts, hence we assume adherence to hygiene rules were put consistently into practice. This might not be the case for attendees of other congresses. Second, almost half of congress attendees are not represented in our study. However, within the tightly connected ID community in Switzerland, potential undetected clustering of cases after the congress would have been noted by some of the society members. Third, the congress was held in September 2020, when SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were not yet available and where the wild type strain was circulating. Whether these findings can be applied to settings with vaccinated populations and with other prevailing variants such as the Omicron variant (B 1.1.529) - which has been shown to be considerably more infectious - remains unclear [1, 4]. Fourth, the accuracy of DBS in detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies has not been widely assessed [15]. However, study participants with previous positive PCR and/or positive serology were all seropositive in the DBS, except for one participant with positive PCR and serology in March. In this context it is important to note that almost 10% of patients with positive PCR results do not show specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or decline over time [16]. These results and the fact that the seroprevalence of 3% is perfectly in line with previous seroprevalence studies among Swiss HCW from the same time period strengthen our confidence in the DBS methodology [9].
Conclusion
In summary, these results suggest that on-site medical congresses held in geographical areas with low to moderately-high COVID-19 prevalence (with the SARS-CoV-2 wild type mainly circulating within an unvaccinated population) can be safely held, provided that appropriate safety measures are implemented and meticulously followed. The safety concept used at this congress could serve as a model for future similar events. However, adjustments of safety measures might be necessary given that a large part of the population is immunised against SARS-CoV-2 and that the infectiousness of newer virus variants has increased in the meantime.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics committee of Eastern Switzerland, No 2020–01013. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author Contributions
The study was conceptualized by MS, PK, DF, and JS, with the help of all co-authors. JS performed the data analysis of the questionnaire, CK, LR, and SN performed the laboratory part. DF and JS drafted a first version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We declare that the first draw of our manuscript was published as a preprint and is available at Research Square [17].
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.ssph-journal.org/articles/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604147/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure S1 | Pictograms used at the congress venue as part of the safety concept. Safety evaluation of a medical congress held during the COVID-19 pandemic – a prospective cohort, Switzerland, 2020
Abbreviations
DBS, dried blood spots; CDC, centers for disease control and prevention; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; ECLIA, electrochemiluminescence-immunoassay; FOPH, federal office of public health; HCW, health care worker; ID, infectious diseases; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; SPSS, statistical package for the social sciences.
Footnotes
1https://www.salzburgerfestspiele.at/en/sf-2020
2https://palexpo.ch/fr/sante-securite
3https://www.meeting-com.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/programme_pdf/Divers_2020/SAFETY_CONCEPT_SSI-SSHH_2020_E.pdf
4https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/216565/Studie-RESTART-19-Konzerte-in-Zeiten-von-Corona
5https://www.covid19.admin.ch/de/epidemiologic/virus-variants
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Keywords: COVID-19, safety concept, congress, hygiene measures, capillary, dried-blood spots, serology, prospective cohort
Citation: Sumer J, Flury D, Kahlert CR, Mueller NJ, Risch L, Nigg S, Seneghini M, Vernazza P, Schlegel M and Kohler P (2022) Safety Evaluation of a Medical Congress Held During the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Prospective Cohort. Int J Public Health 67:1604147. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604147
Received: 09 April 2021; Accepted: 21 January 2022;
Published: 16 February 2022.
Edited By:
L. Suzanne Suggs, University of Italian Switzerland, SwitzerlandCopyright © 2022 Sumer, Flury, Kahlert, Mueller, Risch, Nigg, Seneghini, Vernazza, Schlegel and Kohler. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Johannes Sumer, johannes.sumer@kssg.ch